This relationship is exploitative, as the resources needed by peripheral countries to develop are funneled to core countries. Poor countries are thus in a continual state of dependency to rich countries. Dependency Theory : According to dependency theory, unequal exchange results in the unequal status of countries. Core countries accumulate wealth by gathering resources from and selling goods back to the periphery and semi-periphery.
Neocolonialism also known as neoimperialism also argues that poor countries are poor not because of any inherent inadequacy. Neocolonialism emphasizes the unequal relationships between former colonizing countries and colonized regions. Domination not just economic, but also cultural and linguistic still continues to occur even though poor countries are no longer colonies. The top-down approach is not only used to study the global economy, but also social norms.
Sociologists who are interested in global social norms focus their attention on global institutions, such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization, the International Monetary Fund, or various other international organizations, such as human rights groups. John Meyer, a Stanford sociologist, is one of these. These norms form a global civil society that operates independently of individual nations and to which individual nations often strive to conform in order to be recognized by the international community.
Another approach to studying globalization sociologically is to examine on-the-ground processes. Some sociologists study grassroots social movements, such as non-governmental organizations which mobilize on behalf of equality, justice, and human rights.
Others study global patterns of consumption, migration, and travel. Still others study local responses to globalization. Two ideas that have emerged from these studies are glocalization and hybridization. Glocalization was a term coined by a Japanese businessman in the s and is a popular phrase in the transnational business world.
It refers to the ability to make a global product fit a local market. Hybridization is a similar idea, emerging from the field of biology, which refers to the way that various sociocultural forms can mix and create a third form which draws from its sources, but is something entirely new.
The possibilities for thinking globally in sociology are as varied as the world we live in: global finance, global technology, global cities, global medicine, global food. The list is endless. If we examine any social situation closely, the global patterns and linkages behind it will undoubtedly emerge.
Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Search for:. The Sociological Approach. Sociology Today Contemporary sociology does not have a single overarching foundation—it has varying methods, both qualitative and quantitative.
Learning Objectives Describe how the discipline of sociology has expanded since its foundation. Key Takeaways Key Points The traditional focuses of sociology have included social stratification, social class, culture, social mobility, religion, secularization, law, and deviance.
Sociology has gradually expanded its focus to include more diverse subjects such as health, medical, penal institutions, the Internet, or the role of social activity in the development of scientific knowledge. Levels of Analysis: Micro and Macro Sociological study may be conducted at both macro large-scale social processes and micro small group, face-to-face interactions levels.
Learning Objectives Analyze how symbolic interactionism plays a role in both macro and micro sociology. Key Takeaways Key Points Macro-level sociology looks at large-scale social processes, such as social stability and change.
Micro-level sociology looks at small-scale interactions between individuals, such as conversation or group dynamics. Key Terms microsociology : Microsociology involves the study of people in face-to-face interactions. Applied and Clinical Sociology Applied or clinical sociology uses sociological insights or methods to guide practice, research, or social reform. Learning Objectives Identify ways sociology is applied in the real world. Key Takeaways Key Points Sociological research can be divided into pure research and applied research.
Pure research has no motive other than to further sociological knowledge, while applied research has a direct practical end. Applied research may be put into the service of the corporate world, governmental and international agencies, NGOs, or clinical work. In all these instances, they apply sociological theories and methods to further the goals of the organization they are working under. One budding area in modern retail firms is site selection, or the determination of the best locations for new stores.
Clinical sociologists usually focus on vulnerable population groups, such as children, youths or elderly. Key Terms clinical sociology : Clinical sociology courses give students the skills to be able to work effectively with clients, teach basic counseling skills, give knowledge that is useful for careers, such as victims assisting and drug rehabilitation, and teach the student how to integrate sociological knowledge with other fields. They may go into such areas as marriage and family therapy, and clinical social work.
Sociotherapist : A sociotherapist practices sociotherapy, which is a social science and form of social work and sociology that involves the study of groups of people, its constituent individuals and their behavior, using learned information in case and care management towards holistic life enrichment or improvement of social and life conditions. Site Selection : Site selection indicates the practice of new facility location, both for business and government.
Site selection involves measuring the needs of a new project against the merits of potential locations. Clinical Sociology Clinical sociology involves the study of groups of people using learned information in case and care management towards holistic life enrichment or improvement of social and life conditions. Learning Objectives Describe different types of social inequality. Key Takeaways Key Points People experience inequality throughout the life course, beginning in early childhood.
Key Terms inequality : An unfair, not equal, state. On the other hand, microsociology focuses on smaller groups, patterns, and trends, typically at the community level and in the context of the everyday lives and experiences of people. These are complementary approaches because at its core, sociology is about understanding the way large-scale patterns and trends shape the lives and experiences of groups and individuals, and vice versa. The difference between macro- and microsociology include:.
Macrosociologists will ask the big questions that often result in both research conclusions and new theories, like these:. Microsociologists tend to ask more localized, focused questions that examine the lives of smaller groups of people. For example:. Macrosociologists Feagin and Schor, among many others, use a combination of historical and archival research, and analysis of statistics that span long periods in order to construct data sets that show how the social system and the relationships within it have evolved over time to produce the society we know today.
Additionally, Schor employs interviews and focus groups, more commonly used in microsociological research, to make smart connections between historical trends, social theory, and the way people experience their everyday lives. Microsociologists—Rios, and Pascoe included—typically use research methods that involve direct interaction with research participants, like one-on-one interviews, ethnographic observation, focus groups, as well as smaller-scale statistical and historical analyses.
To address their research questions, both Rios and Pascoe embedded in the communities they studied and became parts of the lives of their participants, spending a year or more living among them, seeing their lives and interactions with others firsthand, and speaking with them about their experiences.
Conclusions born of macrosociology often demonstrate correlation or causation between different elements or phenomena within society. For example, Feagin's research, which also produced the theory of systemic racism , demonstrates how White people in the United States, both knowingly and otherwise, constructed and have maintained over centuries a racist social system by keeping control of core social institutions like politics, law, education, and media, and by controlling economic resources and limiting their distribution among people of color.
Feagin concludes that all of these things working together have produced the racist social system that characterizes the United States today. Microsociological research, due to its smaller-scale, is more likely to yield the suggestion of correlation or causation between certain things, rather than prove it outright.
What it does yield, and quite effectively, is proof of how social systems affect the lives and experiences of people who live within them. Though her research is limited to one high school in one place for a fixed amount of time, Pascoe's work compellingly demonstrates how certain social forces, including mass media, pornography, parents, school administrators, teachers, and peers come together to produce messages to boys that the right way to be masculine is to be strong, dominant, and compulsively heterosexual.
Though they take very different approaches to studying society, social problems, and people, macro- and microsociology both yield deeply valuable research conclusions that aid our ability to understand our social world, the problems that course through it, and the potential solutions to them.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. What are social groups and social networks?
Next lesson. Current timeTotal duration Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. Video transcript Voiceover: Macrosociology and microsociology are two different levels of analysis in sociology to study societies. You need a place to start when you're looking at a society, otherwise it can feel rather overwhelming. Because not only do you have the individual people making up the population you're studying, you also have the different groups that also make up your population and the communities and the cultures and the subcultures.
And you have your population as a whole that you can look at. So if you can at least figure out what perspective you want to start with, it'll help you find a good foot hold to proceed. Okay, macrosociology is the large scale perspective. You're looking at big phenomena that affect your whole population, or a least a big portion of it.
You're looking at social structures and institutions. You're looking at whole civilizations or societies or populations. And what are you looking for? Well, you're looking for patterns. You're trying to find the effects that the whole big picture have on the life of small groups and individuals.
You're analyzing large collectives like cities for broad social trends. And you can get a lot of statistical data from these big populations.
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